Cadmium has been used in nickel-cadmium batteries, corrosion-resistant coatings, pigments, control rods and semiconductor materials such as cadmium telluride. Environmental and health requirements have reduced or restricted many traditional applications.

Most cadmium is recovered as a by-product during zinc smelting and refining. Dust, residues and process solutions are treated separately so that cadmium can be isolated and prevented from entering the environment.

Cadmium and its compounds are toxic and can accumulate in the body. Work with cadmium requires closed processes, effective ventilation, exposure monitoring and controlled recycling or disposal.